F.A.Q. on Parts Availability from Various Manufacturers

Years ago, amp manufacturers were eager to support their products with parts, schematics, and repair assistance.

These days, not so much.

As the service manager at Fender told us a couple of years ago, "Our investors don't want us to sell parts.  They want us to sell amplifiers."  And that applies to many other manufacturers as well.   More and more amplifier manufacturers are no longer privately owned companies, as they were in the days when Leo Fender ran Fender and Jim Marshall ran Marshall.

The concept of "disposable" electronics is not new.  It started about 25 years ago, when prices on VCRs, CD and DVD players, and televisions started dropping dramatically, due to manufacturing moving from Japan to China.   Today, you don't see TV repair shops in your town like you used to.   Most everything today in consumer electronics is disposable.

So, how does this affect guitar amplifiers and other electronic musical equipment?   Keep reading ...

Before considering the purchase of a new or used amp, it is always a good idea to learn about the brand and how they support their products after the warranty has expired.    This is especially true when buying a used amplifier, because as you will learn below, many amplifier companies are no longer in business, no longer support previous products, or do not offer parts at all.   Among others, those difficult-to-repair brands include:   Acoustic (original company), Airline, B-52, Carvin, Crate, Danelectro (original company), Dr Z, Eden (original company), Egnater, Genz Benz, Harmony, Hiwatt, Johnson, Kay, Kustom (original company), Madison, National, Roland, Silvertone, Supro, SWR, Univox and Valco.

There are a few rules to keep in mind:

1.  If an amp or other electronic musical gear sells for less than around $500 these days, it is considered "disposable".   That includes all brands of amps.
2.  Beyond that threshold, some brands have parts that are either unavailable or notoriously difficult to source.
3.  Some manufacturers are reluctant to release schematics or technical data.
4.  Complete circuit boards are rarely available as replacement parts any longer.
5.  For more specific information about the good, the bad, and the ugly, see below:
Brand Comments
Acoustic The "new" Acoustic company is owned by Musician's Friend and Guitar Center.  That brand is only sold new by those two companies.    No parts or service manual availability at all - they are disposable.   The original Acoustic company went out of business in 1985.   For a reverb tank cross-reference for Acoustic amps, see this section:   https://amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Aguilar Amplification Aguilar Amplification, a bass amplifier manufacturer, was founded in 1995 by Dave Boonshoft and Alex Aguilar in New York City.  Aguilar was acquired by Korg USA in 2020.   For parts, contact Parts Is Parts at https://www.partsisparts.net/catalog/aguilar
Airline See Valco and/or Danelectro
Ampeg Ampeg has been owned by so many different companies over the past few decades, it is hard to keep up.   Founded in 1947, it was a standalone company until 1967 when it was purchased by Unimusic.   In 1971, it was sold to Magnavox.   In 1980, Ampeg became part of Music Technology, Inc (MTI).    MTI went bankrupt a few years later, and Ampeg was bought by St. Louis Music in 1986.   LOUD Technologies (the corporate name for Mackie Sound Reinforcement) bought St Louis Music in 2005 and took over Ampeg as well as Crate Amps.   They soon moved Ampeg manufacturing to China.   In 2018, Ampeg was purchased by Yamaha, who owns them today.

As far as parts, the older parts can be hard to source due to the ever-changing ownership and demise of former companies.   If you cannot find what you are looking for on our Ampeg webpage, check at www.fliptops.net.
Ashdown Engineering Ashdown was founded Heybridge, Essex, England in 1997 by Mark Gooday, a chief engineer and managing director at Trace Elliot. When Gooday was let go by Trace Elliot's then parent company, Kaman, and prior to Kaman closing the doors to the UK distribution and factory facilities, he had been planning to start his own company. The company was named  'Ashdown' after Gooday's wife's family name.   Today, the company builds amplifiers with circuit boards and hand wiring, all produced in Ashdown's factory by their 8 employees.   Schematics on some models available here:   https://el34world.com/charts/Schematics/files/Ashdown/Ashdown_Schematics.htm   
B-52 Amplifiers Part of ETI Sound of Huntington Park, California.   The company was founded in 1989 by Eli El-Kiss.   The most popular amplifier was the AT-100.  Bruce Egnater was responsible for some of the design work.   B-52 and ETI Sound are no longer in business.
Behringer Founded in Germany by Uli Behringer, but moved production to China many years ago.   Now a part of Music Tribe.  Many of their products are "clones" of products made by Peavey, DOD, Marshall, etc.   Parts are difficult to source, and due to their low selling price most Behringer products are considered "disposable".
Blackstar Founded in 2007 in the UK by ex-Marshall employees, Blackstar amps are designed in the UK and the USA, but are now manufactured  in China.  Contact us for parts availability.
Bogner Founded in Los Angeles in 1989 by German native Reinhold Bogner.   They are still in business, making 3 models of amps.   However, parts are impossible to obtain.    The Bogner Amplification website has been down since 2022.
Budda Budda Amplification is an American company that designs and manufactures electric guitar amplifiers and effects pedals. Founded by chief designer Jeff Bober and Scot Sier in 1995, the company debuted its first amplifier, the 18-watt Class A/B Twinmaster Ten, at the NAMM show the following year, receiving orders for 65 units despite not having the facilities to make them. The Twinmaster's success led to broader interest in low-wattage "boutique" amplifiers and the success of the company.  Budda has since released the Superdrive line in a variety of higher wattage models, the discontinued Dual Stage, Stringmaster, and an updated 10th anniversary reissue of the Twinmaster Ten. Their pedals include the BudWah wah wah pedal and the Zenman and Phatman distortion pedals.

The Budda brand is now owned and manufactured by Peavey Electronics.
Bugera Founded in Germany by Uli Behringer in 1988.  Behringer and Bugera are separate companies, but Bugera amps are distributed by Behringer.   Like Behringer, Bugera is part of Music Tribe.   Parts are difficult to source, and due to their low selling price most Bugera products are considered "disposable".
Carvin Carvin was founded in 1946 by Lowel C. Kiesel, and for many years made guitars and amplifiers. Their marketing concept was unique in the music industry, as beginning in the 1970s they did not sell any products through music stores; rather they only sold their goods by mail order directly to the customer.   For about the past 10 years, they have focused on offering only speaker cabinets, line arrays, in-ear monitors, wireless microphones, and a few pedals.  Their factory in California closed in 2017, and their current products are all manufactured by subcontractors in China.  Their guitar amp line is no more.   Therefore, unique parts for vintage Carvin amps can be very difficult to source.
Crate Like Ampeg, Crate was part of the deal when LOUD Technologies bought St. Louis Music in 2005.   LOUD Technologies didn't pursue producing Crate Amps after the ownership change; rather, they simply sold the amplifier stock that had been previously produced by SLM and then let the brand die away.   By 2009, Crate was declared to be a dead brand.  For remaining parts, visit our Crate/Ampeg page here.  There is a new website called www.crate-amplifiers.com, but it is an AI-generated clickbait scam to generate visits and make money for the owner through ads.   Crate is not back in business.
Danelectro Danelectro was founded by Nathan Daniel in 1947. Throughout the late 1940s through the 1960s, the company produced amplifiers for Sears, Roebuck and Company and Montgomery Ward, branded Silvertone and Airline respectively.  In 1966, Danelectro was sold to the Music Corporation of America (MCA).  In 1969, Danelectro closed down, burdened by MCA's attempt to market their guitars to small guitar shops rather than large department stores. In the late 1990s, importer the Evets Corporation purchased the Danelectro brand name, marketing recreations of old Silvertone and Danelectro guitars and newly designed effects pedals and small amplifiers made in China.   We have the input jack available which was used on the Dirty Thirty, Nifty Fifty and Nifty Seventy - see this page:   https://www.amprepairparts.com/j506c.htm
Diezel A small amp manufacturer in Germany who builds high-end amplifiers.   Some parts may be obtained by contacting the company in Germany directly:  https://www.diezelamplification.com/contact/  In the US, Diezel amps are built in Commerce, California by Boutique Amps Distribution.   For a reverb tank cross-reference for some Diezel amps, see this section:   https://amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Dr. Z Founded in 1988 by Mike Zaite ("Dr. Z") in Cleveland, Ohio, Dr. Z operates on a policy that amps should be shipped to their factory for all repairs (both in and out of warranty).   As stated on their website, they do not offer any parts.
Eden Amplification Eden started in Minnesota in 1976 by David Nordschow, but became part of US Music Corp in 2003.  Many people assume the company was founded by a person named David Eden because that name has been used on some amplifiers, but actually the name Eden comes from Eden Prairie, Minnesota where the concept began.   In 2011, Eden became part of Marshall, and production was shifted to England.   In 2021, Eden was sold to Gear4Music.   Today's products are all inexpensive (under $500) and built in China.    No parts support for the former Eden products such as the World Tour series.
Egnater Amplification Egnater was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Bruce Egnater, formerly associated with Randall Amps.   Early models were built in Detroit, but production was soon outsourced to Boutique Amp Distribution in Commerce, California.   The Egnater brand was dissolved in 2021, so parts are not generally available.
Epiphone See Gibson.   For a reverb tank cross-reference for Epiphone amps, see this section:   https://amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Fender Fender is the iconic brand of American guitars and guitar amps.  Of all of the amplifier brands, Fender is still the brand with the greatest parts availability.  We carry a wide selection, starting from our Fender page.   However, not every product that Fender has launched is repairable.   The smaller and less expensive amps such as the Mustang series, G-DEC, Rumble, etc do not have parts support from Fender.   The earlier models of solid state amps from the 80s, 90s,and 2000s have some parts availability, but it is limited.   Tube amps from the 50s through today generally have good availability of most parts.
Friedman Founded in Los Angeles in 2008 by Dave Friedman, various Friedman amps are Marshall-based, with design elements from Bruce Egnater.   No details on parts from the company, but most products are straightforward, and standard pots, jacks, capacitors, etc. can be used for repair.
Genz Benz Genz Benz Amplifiers were designed in Arizona between 1984 and 2015 by Jeff Genzler in Phoenix Arizona. Production eventually was assigned to a factory in Taiwan.   In 2003, the company was purchased by Kaman Corp. who were themselves acquired by Fender Musical Instrument Co. in 2008 and the headquarters moved to Scottsdale Arizona, home of the FMIC head offices.  In 2013 Genz Benz ceased production, and was succeeded in late 2015 by Genzler Amplification founded by Jeff Genzler, now based in Brooklyn, New York.   Genzler has no relationship with the original Genz Benz company other than having the same founder.   Genzler cannot supply parts for Genz Benz amps.  
Gibson Classic manufacturer of iconic guitars, but Gibson (& Epiphone) always seemed to come up short against the likes of Fender and Marshall.   Parts can be very scarce.  For a reverb tank cross-reference for Gibson amps, see this section:   https://amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Harmony See Valco.
Hiwatt Hiwatt started in England in 1966, founded by Dave Reeves.  It was a British design from the ground up, not just a Marshall copy.   After Dave Reeves' untimely death in 1981, the Hiwatt company fell apart.   The name has been revived by BritAmpCo, but they of course do not support vintage Hiwatt amps. 
Hughes & Kettner Founded in Germany in 1984 by brothers Hans and Lothar Stamer, the company was acquired by Musichaus Thomann in May, 2025.   Contact Hughes & Kettner directly for any specialized parts, at https://hughes-and-kettner.com/contact-product-support/
Johnson Amplification Johnson Amplification was a subsidiary of DigiTech by the Harman Music Group, which manufactured and sold amplifiers using a design by John Johnson.   Johnson ceased operation in July 2002 and is no longer manufacturing these products, however their amplifiers remain quite popular in the after-market.   If you consider buying a Johnson amp, be aware that there is no support nor parts availability.
Kay See Valco.
Kustom Amplification In the 1960s, Kustom Amps were born in the little town of Chanute, Kansas by Bud Ross.   The concept included "tuck and roll" upholstery reminiscent of classic cars.    The amps were all solid state, and utilized a system of standard PC boards (preamp, EQ, effects, power amp, etc) which were plugged into long multi-contact sockets inside the amps.   In this way, the same preamp or EQ board could be utilized in multiple amp models, cutting down on production costs.   Kustom died out in the late 1970s, but the name was revived again about 20 years ago when Hanser Holdings in the Cincinnati area reintroduced Kustom to the marketplace.    As with many amps, Kustom amps today are built in China, but some parts for the new models are available from Hanser Holdings.   Contact customer service at 859.817.7103 to inquire about parts availability.  For a reverb tank cross-reference for Kustom amps, see this section:   https://amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Laney Amplification Another of the British amplifier companies who started in the heyday of the British Invasion.   Laney was founded by Lyndon Laney in 1967 in Birmingham, England.   The amps are still being produced and have a loyal following, but like most British amps - parts are not available from the company.  For a reverb tank cross-reference for a few Laney amps, see this section:   https://amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Line 6 Line 6 was a pioneer in amplifier modeling.  Founded in 1996 in California, Line 6 became part of Yamaha in 2013.   They sell some parts on their website:   https://shop-us.line6.com/hardware/parts-and-accessories/?page=1    You can call them at  (818) 575-3600 to inquire about other parts.  Complete boards are not available to consumers.
Madison Amplifiers Madison amps were built in Colorado, with some models produced in China.   The Divinity and Divinity II were their most popular models.   Most models were clones of Marshall or other British style amplifiers.   Madison started in 2009 and lasted about a decade.  They are no longer in business.
Marshall Amplification Marshall was founded by Jim Marshall in Bletchley, Milton Keynes, England in 1962.   During the 1960s and 1970s, Marshall grew in popularity among rock musicians, and the "Marshall sound" became a standard of rock music.  For 50 years, Marshall was the gold standard in British amplifiers.   In addition, Marshall was, like Fender, very good about supplying parts for their amps.   Sadly, Jim Marshall passed away in 2010.   After that time, Marshall started to struggle a bit.  Jim's family ran the company for awhile, but eventually sold it to Zounds, Inc of Sweden.    It was at that time that parts support shut down.   In 2025, the company became part of Hongshan Holdings of China.  There is still no parts support from the company at this time.    We carry many parts used in Marshall amps (jacks, pots, capacitor kits, hardware, etc) because we buy directly from the companies who supply Marshall.    However, some exclusive Marshall parts are unfortunately no longer available.   See our Marshall parts page here.
Matchless Amplifiers Matchless Amplifiers was founded in 1989 by Mark Sampson and Rick Perotta. The company started in Perotta's home in Hollywood, California. Steve Goodale and Chris Perrotta were also key initial partners. The company saw great success in the early 1990s, meeting the demand for sonically consistent and structurally reliable tube amplifiers. Their flagship amp is the DC-30, an EL-84 amplifier based on the Vox AC30.  By the late 1990s, Matchless began to decline financially due to over-expansion and market declines. In 1999, Matchless filed for bankruptcy. Phil Jamison, a Matchless employee from 1992 to 1997, acquired the company in 2000 and has been the chief operating officer (COO) ever since.   For the reverb tank for the Matchless Chieftan, see the information here:    https://www.amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide    For other specialized parts, contact Matchless Amplifiers at sales@matchlessamplifiers.com
 

Mesa/Boogie Ltd

 

 Mesa/Boogie was founded by Randall Smith in 1969 in Petaluma, California, and remains there to this day.   Mesa was purchased by Gibson in 2021, marking the first successful time that Gibson was ever involved in producing "real" guitar amplifiers for the professional musician.  Randall Smith retired from the company in 2024 at the age of 78.     Parts are generally available.   The downside of working on Mesa/Boogie amps is the difficulty in removing the PC boards due to extensive overlay wiring, and the plentiful use of switching relays in the design, making trouble-shooting a bit difficult.   For parts, see our Mesa/Boogie page.
Music Man Forrest White and Tom Walker formed the kernel of Music Man in 1971 with a company name Tri-Sonix.  Leo Fender became a silent partner in this new venture, because he had a 10-year "no compete" clause with CBS.  By 1974 the company name was changed to Music Man.  By 1975 the no-compete clause had expired in Leo Fender's contract with CBS, and he was named president.   The company built amplifiers, guitars and basses.  Most of the amps were hybrid designs with a solid-state preamp and tube power amp section.   Music Man was bought by Ernie Ball in 1984 and renamed Ernie Ball Music Man.   Guitar and bass production continued, but amplifier manufacturing was discontinued at that time.   We have capacitor kits, knobs, footswitches, handles, pots, and reverb tanks for certain Music Man models.   See the individual product type pages for these items.
National See Valco.
Orange Founded by Cliff Cooper in London in 1968.   Gibson owned the company briefly from 1993-1997, but Gibson-produced amps were not commercially successful and Cliff Cooper regained control in 1997.   For a selection of parts, see our Orange Amp page.
Peavey Electronics Peavey was founded by Hartley Peavey in 1965.  Peavey's original plan to keep prices low was a production concept known as "vertical integration".   This means that the manufacturer owns the majority of the facilities needed to build the products, all the way back to the raw materials.   In the early days, for example, Peavey owned sawmills so that they could produce their own lumber for cabinets, rather than buy lumber at a higher price from a middle man.   Peavey also produced their own speakers, rather than purchase Eminence, Celestion, or JBL speakers.   Over the years, however, competition from Chinese-produced music products required Peavey to also start producing their products in China.   Parts have always been available from Peavey, although after Hartley Peavey retired a few years ago some parts are not as readily available as they once were.    Our Peavey parts page is here.
Randall Amplifiers Randall was founded in Irvine, California in 1969 by Don Randall, a former Vice President and General Manager of Fender.  Don Randall owned the company until it was sold to US Music Corp in the mid-1990s.   Early Randall models were all solid-state designs.   Later, in cooperation with Bruce Egnater of Egnater Amplifier fame, some tube models were designed with modular circuitry.  Mike Fortin of Fortin Amplification also worked with Randall from 2011 until 2015.  Today, Randall amps are all manufactured in China.   Meanwhile, US Music Corp became Jam Industries (now called Exertis Jam), and still owns Randall.    Parts for Randall amps are difficult to source.   You may contact the company by filling out the online inquiry form here:  https://www.randallamplifiers.com/contact-us/   For a reverb tank cross-reference for a few Randall amps, see this section:   https://amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Roland Corporation Roland was founded by Ikutaro Kakehashi in Osaka, Japan in 1972.   Over the years, Roland has produced electronic keyboards, guitar amplifiers, and effects units.   They also own the Boss brand of guitar effects pedals.  Among electronic musical equipment manufacturers, Roland is the most unique in that all of their parts such as jacks, pots, etc are uniquely designed and produced so that no other standard part will fit.   Even their jacks have a unique thread for the nuts, so that the nut must be sourced from Roland.   In addition, they will only sell parts to their authorized service centers - no exceptions.    Non-Roland service shops and consumers cannot purchase parts from Roland.   For a reverb tank cross-reference for Roland amps, see this section:   https://amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Sears / Silvertone See Danelectro.
Soldano Custom Amplification Soldano was born in Los Angeles in 1986, a passion of founder Mike Soldano.   Soldano amps are PC board-based, with hand-wired pots, switches, jacks, much like Marshall JCM800 and JCM900 designs.  Mike Soldano was ready to retire in 2019 and sold the company to Boutique Amp Distribution, which continues to produce the amps today in Commerce, California.   Most parts such as jacks, pots, switches, fuse holders, etc can be replaced with standard components from our website.
Sunn Musical
Equipment Company		 Sunn was founded in 1964 by the Sundholm brothers, Norm and Conrad.   Norm Sundholm was the bass player for the Kingsmen, of the song "Louie, Louie" fame.   Norm found that his bass amp was not loud enough to fill large concert halls as the Kingsmen started a national tour after the success of Louie, Louie.   Together with his brother Conrad and the design skills of David Hafler, they started building Sunn amplifiers.   Fender acquired Sunn in 1985, with the intent of continuing to build Sunn amps along with Fender amps in the Lake Oswego, Oregon Sunn factory.   Fender shut down the Sunn operation in 2002.   In 2023, Sunn Musical Equipment Company was revived again in the facilities of Mission Engineering of Petaluma, California.   Classic reproductions of former Sunn products are being produced.   Stay tuned for parts availability.  For a reverb tank cross-reference for a few vintage Sunn amps, see this section:   https://amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Supro See Valco.
SWR Sound Corporation SWR was founded in 1984 in Sylmar, California by Steve W. Rabe, whose initials form the name of the company.   Steve Rabe had previously worked at Acoustic Control Corporation.   As times were getting tough at Acoustic, Rabe decided to form his own amplifier company.   Steve Rabe sold the company to accountant Daryl Jamison in 1997, and Jamison then sold the company to Fender in 2003.    Fender made SWR amps until 2013, when SWR production ceased.    We offer some limited SWR replacment parts, including reverb tanks, cabinet hardware, fans, and schematics.  For a reverb tank cross-reference for a couple of SWR amps, see this section:   https://amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Trace Elliot Trace Elliot was founded in 1979 by Fred Friedlein in Romford, Essex, England.  The brand was sold to Kaman Music Corporation in the United States in 1992.   In 1997, Kaman sold the company back to a group of Trace Elliot directors and shareholders.   The next year, the brand was sold to Gibson.   In 2002, the US factory was closed and over 200 staff were laid off.  In April, 2005, Trace Elliot became part of Peavey.   We carry a few Trace Elliot parts - replacement fan, and some hardware.   Otherwise, Peavey is the parts source for Trace Elliot.    Contact customerservice@traceelliot.com
Traynor Amps Traynor was founded in 1963 by Peter Traynor in Toronto, Canada.   Peter was an amplifier repairman working at the Long & McQuade Music store, and started to design amplifiers and speaker cabinets.   The corporation Yorkville Sound was formed as the owner of Traynor, as a partnership between Peter Traynor and Jack Long, the owner of the music store where Peter worked.  Parts are not readily available for Traynor products, as Traynor offers repair services in Canada for all of their products.   We do have some reverb tanks in stock for certain Traynor models.   See this section on our website for more information: https://www.amprepairparts.com/reverb.htm#guide
Univox Univox was a musical instrument brand of Unicord from the early 1960s, when they purchased the Amplifier Corporation of America of Westbury, New York, and began to market a line of guitar amplifiers. Univox also distributed guitars by Matsumoku, effects units by Shin-Ei Companion, and synthesizers by Crumar and Korg.  In 1985, the Wickes Companies sold Unicord to Korg, and the Univox brand was phased out.
Valco Valco was formed in 1940 by three business partners and former owners of the National Dobro Company; Victor Smith, Al Frost, and Louis Dopyera. The company name was a combination of the three partner's first initials (V.A.L.) plus the common abbreviation for company (Co.)  Valco manufactured and sold electric resonators, lap steels, classical guitars and vacuum tube amplifiers under a variety of brand names including Supro, Airline, National and Oahu. They also made amplifiers under contract for several other companies such as Gretsch, Harmony, and Kay.  Valco merged with Kay Musical Instrument Company in 1967; however financial difficulties forced the merged company to fold the following year.
Vox Amplification Ltd Vox is a British musical equipment manufacturer founded in 1957 by Thomas Walter Jennings in Dartford, Kent, England. The company is most famous for making the Vox AC30 guitar amplifier, used by The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Yardbirds, Queen, Dire Straits, U2, and Radiohead.   For an online museum of Vox models, see this page:   https://www.voxshowroom.com/  Since 1992, Vox has been owned by the Japanese electronics firm Korg.   For a selection of parts for Vox amps, see this page:   https://www.amprepairparts.com/vox.htm
Yamaha Corporation Nippon Gakki Co., Ltd. was established in 1887 as a reed organ manufacturer by Torakusu Yamaha. They manufactured the first piano to be made in Japan in 1900. Although their products carried the 'Yamaha' brand name, the company was not officially known as Yamaha Corporation until the 100th anniversary of its founding in 1987.  Today, Yamaha s the world's largest musical instrument manufacturing company, including pianos, drums, guitars, brass instruments, woodwinds, violins, violas, cellos, and vibraphones, and is also a leading manufacturer of semiconductors, audio/visual, computer-related products, sporting goods, home appliances, specialty metals, and industrial robots.   For many years, they built solid-state guitar amplifiers but that portion of their business has been toned down in more recent times.   Yamaha has acquired Line 6 and Ampeg in the past ten years or so, and is content to let those subsidiaries cater to the guitar and bass amplifier market.    Many vintage Yamaha parts can be obtained, but a Yamaha part number is required in order to purchase from us on special order.   See our Yamaha Parts page for more information.
 

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